Graduate Institute of Labor Research, National Chengchi University

在新自由主義思潮的影響下，西方主要國家自八O年代開始強調勞動市場彈性化、國家去管制化，致使勞工在就業市場中的力量明顯減弱，勞動市場大幅向雇主傾斜，進而改變勞動市場的結構。就業市場中非典型就業和低度就業人口比例增加，失業和長期失業的情形日益嚴重。失業和不穩定就業的情形不僅限於弱勢人口群，甚至波及到剛從學校畢業、初入職場的青年。青年在面對勞動市場彈性化所伴隨而來的就業風險，不但傳統的穩定就業機會減少了，開放給青年的非典型就業機會，往往是不安全；不穩定的工作類型。

本研究所關心的是青年在具高度風險的勞動市場下其非典型就業經驗，並分析青年在此等非典型工作中所面臨的困境。本研究針對台灣地區20~29歲專科或大學畢業之青年，因未能找到合適的全職工作，過去或目前從事非典型工作者進行訪談，藉由訪談瞭解非典型就業青年的就業經驗。研究發現，多數的受訪青年乃係非自願而從事非典型工作，且部分青年從事非典型工作並非只是暫時性的，而是在不同的非典型工作之中轉換或者流動；其次，其工作的性質是缺乏自主、低技術的，工作所獲得的薪資較低、且缺乏福利保障，更重要的是工作不穩定。

The labour market has been changed toward more flexible and insecure by the impact of neo-liberalism and globalization. As a result, unemployment and insecure employment are prevailing nowadays. It is an important issue whether an employee can get a stable and secure work or not in the given labour market. The purpose of this research is to probe into the employment experience of the atypical young workers in Taiwan. Interviews were used for data collection. The participants include 10 college graduated youths, aged 20-29, who devote or devoted themselves to atypical job due to the lack of appropriate full time job. The findings are as follows:

1. the youths devoted to atypical work are involuntary mostly;
2. there are nine “low” features of atypical works, including wage, welfare, working status, working safety, connection, autonomy, skill, challenge, and stability;
3. they quitted their jobs either by their own choices or under certain pressure.

Finally, implications and recommendations for policy makers and following researchers are also discussed and presented.

在日漸強調男女平權的國際社會，女性保護立法已逐一朝向解除保護的方向發展。其中牽涉到女性主義陣營對於「平等對待」抑或「差異對待」的爭辯，也涉及處於不同發展階段的國家對此政策上的不同考量，然而回到女性作為主體的角度，究竟何種理論思維最符合女性的利益?女性主義陣營中的「平等論」及「差異論」主張，均有其理論思維上的缺憾。晚近社會主義典範轉型的討論，其關注的焦點已從具體有形的物質層面，轉向決策、參與、機會、過程及權力結構層面，對於吾人思考女性長久以來被排除於決策參與及權力之外所導致的結構不利處境，提出相當有洞察力的批判。

本為藉由女性主義在這個議題上的精彩討論，回頭檢視我國勞動基準法在女性夜間工作及延長工時之修法過程的若干說法，究竟放寬女性夜間工作及延長工時男女一致化，是否能實現增進女性的工作權益，還是反倒令女性陷入更大的就業困境。女性在缺乏整理社會結構改善前，台灣採取「平等對待」的修法方向，究竟對女性勞工工作權益的實質影響為何?國際社會採取平等對待主張背後的社會脈絡，甚值我國研究及實務社群更多的關注。

Women workers’ protection legislation has been challenged over the past decades leading to the repeal in most of the advanced countries where gender equality is promoted as one of the core vales of the society. The feminist debate on ‘protection vs. restriction’ has brought on much theoretical discussions and generated new concept and theorization of this issue.

This paper reviews the discourses involved in the legislative process of women’s night work as well as overtime articles modified in Taiwan’s Labor Standard Law. Will women benefit or lose when women’s night work and overtime regulation is modified to male workers’ standard? This paper suggests ‘equal treatment’ could be adopted only when women’s social conditions are considered and supports instituted.

本文以當前歐盟推動的彈性安全觀點出發，並藉由Wilthagen, Tros and Lieshout 提出的「彈性安全與勞動政策發展」分析架構，分析台灣勞動立法政策變革情形。研究發現，在「議題分離式」與「非正式溝通協商」二種實施策略下，共同構成了台灣勞動立法之政策變革模式的最重要特徵，就是「彈性」與「安全」二者之間是「彼此分離的並行關係」，而不是如歐洲各國將彈性與安全二者「彼此直接聯結的交換關係」，原因在於台灣締結團體協約成效不彰，難以形成社會對話機制。